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Alpha-Beta Pruning

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Alpha-Beta Pruning   Alpha-beta pruning is a modified version of the minimax algorithm. It is an optimization technique for the minimax algorithm. As we have seen in the minimax search algorithm that the number of game states it has to examine are exponential in depth of the tree. Since we cannot eliminate the exponent, but we can cut it to half. Hence there is a technique by which without checking each node of the game tree we can compute the correct minimax decision, and this technique is called pruning. This involves two threshold parameter Alpha and beta for future expansion, so it is called alpha-beta pruning. It is also called as Alpha-Beta Algorithm. Alpha-beta pruning can be applied at any depth of a tree, and sometimes it not only prune the tree leaves but also entire sub-tree. The two-parameter can be defined as: Alpha: The best (highest-value) choice we have found so far at any point along the path of Maximizer. The initial value of alpha is -∞. Beta: The best (lowest-va...
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SQL Multiple Choice Questions

SQL Multiple Choice Questions Here we are going to see a list of important SQL questions in MCQ style with an explanation of the answer for competitive exams and interviews. These frequently asked SQL questions are given with the correct choice of answer among multiple options. You can select your choice and check it instantly to see the answer with an explanation. 1) What is the full form of SQL? Structured Query List Structure Query Language Sample Query Language None of these.  Answer: B Explanation: SQL is a programming language used for managing data in a relational database management system. It is pronounced as See-Qwell. 2) Which of the following is not a valid SQL type? FLOAT NUMERIC DECIMAL CHARACTER  Answer: C Explanation: DECIMAL is not a valid SQL type because it is nothing but numeric only in SQL. NUMERIC has fixed precision, and scale numbers range from -10^38+1 to 10^38-1. FLOAT has floating precision number ranges from -1.79E + 308 to 1.79E + 308. CHARACT...
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Mini-Max Algorithm in Artificial Intelligence

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Mini-Max Algorithm in Artificial Intelligence Mini-max algorithm is a recursive or backtracking algorithm which is used in decision-making and game theory. It provides an optimal move for the player assuming that opponent is also playing optimally. Mini-Max algorithm uses recursion to search through the game-tree. Min-Max algorithm is mostly used for game playing in AI. Such as Chess, Checkers, tic-tac-toe, go, and various tow-players game. This Algorithm computes the minimax decision for the current state. In this algorithm two players play the game, one is called MAX and other is called MIN. Both the players fight it as the opponent player gets the minimum benefit while they get the maximum benefit. Both Players of the game are opponent of each other, where MAX will select the maximized value and MIN will select the minimized value. The minimax algorithm performs a depth-first search algorithm for the exploration of the complete game tree. The minimax algorithm proceeds all the way d...
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